Live/dead staining revealed that encapsulated cells remained viable until day 98, while intracellular lipid staining showed a significant increase over time and a differentiation rate of 76% between days 28 and 56. Human primary adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were adipogenically differentiated for 14 days and matured for an additional 84 days. The resulting hydrogels exhibited suitable viscoelastic properties, mimicking those of soft tissues, and remained stable for 98 days in vitro. Gellan gum, used to create manual and bioprinted adipose tissue models, was neither toxic nor monocyte activating due to its similarities with the native extracellular matrix and its easily tunable properties. Engineering long-term stable and functional human adipose tissue is a challenging task due to the limited availability of suitable biomaterials and adequate cell maturation. Given its wide-ranging endocrine functions, adipose tissue plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism as a whole.
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